In This Chapter
- Taking a tour of the Poodle’s history
- Looking at the Poodle’s build and temperament
- Examining the requirements of different breed standards
Walking through the History of the Breed
In the following sections, I take
you on a tour of the history of the Poodle breed, from its beginnings to modern
times.
In the beginning, there was dog . . .
Technical Stuff
All dogs are descended from the wolf, which may explain why they howl at sirens and the like. The original dog was domesticated between 13,000 and 17,000 years ago. From those early beginnings, man has created over 300 breeds, from tiny Chihuahuas and Yorkshire Terriers to giant Great Danes, Irish Wolfhounds, and shaggy Newfoundlands. Each breed was developed with a specific purpose in mind, from sitting in a person’s lap and being a companion, to guarding livestock and property, to retrieving fallen game.
As time went by, people began
expecting dogs to be able to do more than their primary tasks, because it’s
easier and cheaper to have one dog do many jobs than to have a separate dog for
each task. The Poodle, for example, was bred to hunt and retrieve game and to
have an instinct to herd livestock.
Just when and where the Poodle
emerged as a separate breed is hard to say. Romans carved Poodle-like dogs on
tombs as early as 30 A.D., and they were pictured on Greek and Roman coins, but
experts don’t know if those dogs died out or if they further evolved into the
modern Poodle.
Poodles are sometimes called
“French Poodles,” but the breed is generally considered German even though its
actual country of origin is unclear. Dogs from Russia and France contributed to
the modern Poodle, and one theory states that the Poodle’s ancestors came from
Portugal or Spain.
Technical Stuff
The FCI, the European organization that sponsors pan-European dog shows, regards France as the official “country of origin” of the Poodle and uses the French breed standard as the standard of judging in FCI shows. The ancestors of poodles actually originated in a number of places in Europe.
The following list gives you a
sampling of the beginnings of the Poodle in Europe:
- Fifteenth-century writings and art from France, Holland, and Italy refer to Poodles. Many paintings show the Poodle in trims similar to today’s show trims (Chapter Providing Your Poodle with a Nutritious Diet has more about trims).
- German writings from the 1500s describe the “Pudel” as a large, black water retriever. Pudel or pudelin means to splash in the water. In Belgium and France, the dog was called the “Poedel.” The English name, Poodle, came from these original titles.
- In France, where the dog was popular, people also called the Poedel the Caniche, meaning duck dog. Early writings described the dog as intelligent and sturdy, with curly hair.
- The German Poodle, or Pudel, was thickset and had a wooly coat texture. Early German artwork shows the dog with both a curly and a corded coat.
All these varieties of Poodles
are famous for working in the water. So much so, in fact, that the Poodle’s
coat was trimmed to facilitate swimming, yet keep the chest and joints warm.
The appearance of Poodle varieties
Authorities agree that the
Standard Poodle is the oldest of the three varieties, but the Toy and the
Miniature Poodles weren’t far behind. (See the section “Measuring up sizes,”
later in this chapter, for info on Standards, Toys, and Miniatures.)
Fifteenth-century paintings feature Toy Poodles, including drawings by German
artist Albrecht Durer. Paintings created by Goya in the late 18th century show
the Toy Poodle as one of the main pets in Spain.
People most likely developed Toy
and Miniature Poodles by crossing small Standards with Maltese and Havanese,
and possibly Toy Spaniels. Experts also concede the possibility of dash of
Terrier.
Both Toy and Miniature Poodles
were popular with the French court during the reigns of Louis XIV, Louis XV,
and Louis XVI, during the 17th and 18th centuries, and these smaller dogs were also
popular as circus performers in the 18th and 19th centuries. Their intelligence
made them easy to train as entertainers.
The Poodle’s modern rise in popularity
Most of Europe embraced the
Poodle from the beginning, but it wasn’t until the end of the 19th century that
the breed became popular in Britain. In 1887 in the United States, the American
Kennel Club (AKC) registered its first Poodle, a dog named Czar, but the breed didn’t
become popular until after World War II. Standard Poodles imported mainly from
Britain attracted the most interest in those early years. The majority of the
dogs were black, white, or brown.
The United Kennel Club (UKC),
based in the U.S., recognized the Poodle as a breed in 1914, and in 1999, it
divided the Poodle into two separate breeds (I cover both the AKC and the UKC
later in this chapter):
- The Standard Poodle, in the gun dog group
- The Poodle, with Miniature and Toy varieties, in the companion dog group
In 1930, the AKC had registered
only 34 Poodles. In the spring of 1931, though, Helene Whitehouse Walker
imported three Standard Poodles from England and established Carillon Kennels.
Shortly thereafter, she and nine others formed the Poodle Club of America. Her
father, Henry J. Whitehouse, served as the first president of the club, and
Mrs. Walker was secretary/treasurer. And from 1939 through 1945, she was
president of the club.
Look both ways when Poodle crossing
Poodle crosses, such as Labradoodles and
Cockapoos, are becoming very popular because it has become trendy to own a
“designer breed.” People also believe that these mixed breeds will have the
advantage of non-shedding, hypoallergenic coats, and that they may be easy to
train because of the intelligence of the Poodle half of the mix. There’s no
guarantee of any of this, though. The only sure thing is that these dogs aren’t
purebreds (that is, they don’t “breed true”). Breed a Poodle with another
Poodle and all the puppies will be Poodles, with Poodle coats and Poodle
temperaments, instincts, and size. With a purebred, you know what you’re
getting.
If you breed a Poodle-Labrador cross with another
Poodle-Labrador cross, some of the puppies may look more like Poodles and
some may look more like Labradors. You have no way of knowing how many
puppies will have the coat of a Poodle and how many will sport the coat of a Labrador.
You won’t know what size the puppies will grow to as adults, nor what health
issues they may face. And don’t kid yourself: You will have to deal with
health issues. Mixed breeds aren’t necessarily healthier than purebreds. In
spite of claims to the contrary, crossbred dogs don’t inherit the “best of
both breeds.” In fact, they often have the least desirable traits of their
two parents’ breeds.
“Designer dogs” sell for just as much, if not
more than, purebred puppies. If you want a mixed breed, check out your local
shelter; chances are, you’ll find just what you’re looking for and spend a
lot less money. If you want all the positive aspects of a Poodle, get a
Poodle.
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By the 1960s, the Poodle had
become the most popular breed in the United States, and it stayed at the top
for 23 years. In 1994, the Poodle dropped to fifth in AKC registrations, and in
2006, it still stood in the top ten, ranking eighth.
Technical Stuff
Because the AKC considers all three sizes of Poodle as varieties of one breed, it publishes no separate registration figures.
Remember
Today’s Poodle is as versatile as the first Pudel that roamed a German farm, which may explain its great popularity. All three sizes make wonderful pets, and the Poodle can still herd, retrieve game, and protect. In competitive events, you’d be hard pressed to find a contest the Poodle can’t conquer, from the glamour of conformation showing to the fast-paced agility ring, to a pond of cold water in a hunt test (see Chapter Showing Off and Enjoying Your Poodle’s Talents for more about these types of events).
Picturing a Poodle’s Physical Traits and Personality
The Poodle is considered one
breed, with three “varieties” within the breed. That means that, except for the
size difference, each variety is identical to the rest. No matter what the
size, a Poodle is an intelligent, friendly companion. In the following
sections, I describe the size, anatomy, and temperament of the Poodle breed.
Measuring up sizes
The Poodle comes in three sizes;
each size is essentially the same dog, save the difference in height. The
sizes, from largest to smallest, are
- Standard
- Miniature
- Toy
You can see the three different
sizes in Figure 2-1.
Figure 2-1: The Poodle
breed comes in Standard, Miniature, and Toy sizes.
Scoping out a Poodle’s anatomy
Figure 2-2 shows a side view of
the Poodle. Note that the Poodle is essentially square, measuring the same from
withers (the highest part of the back) to ground as from the point of the chest
to the point of the rump.
Figure 2-2: A side view of
the Poodle.
Figure 2-3 shows a Poodle’s front
and back. The Poodle’s front paws face front, and the legs are straight and
parallel. The same is true of the hind legs.
Check out the top view of a
Poodle in Figure 2-4. Note that there is a slight indentation behind the ribs,
giving the Poodle a “waist.”
Figure 2-3: The front and
back of a Poodle.
Figure 2-4: The top view
of the Poodle.
Taking a look at temperament
All three types of Poodles are
intelligent and have a definite sense of humor, and all three should conform to
breed standards (see the following section), but you should be aware of general
differences in temperament between the three varieties:
- A Standard tends to be more aloof and self-contained.
- A Miniature picks her person and wants to always be with that person. A Mini never lets up; she always wants to do something — anything — with her person.
- A Toy is happy to curl up on your lap and cuddle.
I’m not saying that a Toy can’t
excel in agility or doesn’t enjoy obedience training or that a Standard isn’t a
loving companion, but, in general, the three types of Poodles do exhibit
different personalities.
No matter what size you prefer,
you’re going to get a dog willing to participate in family activities. Poodles
also are intelligent, which means that if you don’t give them something to do,
they’ll invent something, which may not meet with your approval. Their
intelligence means they’re the perfect partners for performance event competition,
but you don’t have to compete (see Chapter Showing
Off and Enjoying Your Poodle’s Talents for more information if you do
want to compete). Teach your Poodle tricks. Have her pick up dirty laundry
and put it in a basket. She can do the same with her toys when company’s
coming.
All three sizes are friendly and
greet invited guests with a wagging tail. That doesn’t mean that they won’t
sound the alarm if a stranger’s at the door, and Standards can be effective
guard dogs. Poodles shouldn’t be shy or fearful of new people or events.
Surveying Breed Standards
A registered dog is
affiliated with an organization created solely for the purpose of registering
dogs. The label of “registered” doesn’t guarantee quality, proper temperament,
or good health; if your dog is registered with the American Kennel Club (AKC)
or the United Kennel Club (UKC), which are the two largest registries in the
United States, it just means that the dog is a purebred. Many people register their
dogs in more than one registry to take advantage of more competitive events.
I explain the standards for the
Poodle breed set by the AKC and the UKC in the following sections. Refer to
Figure 2-2 to find the different parts of the Poodle mentioned in the breed
standards.
The American Kennel Club
The AKC, founded in 1884, is the
world’s largest purebred dog registry. Besides its dedication to being a
registry, the AKC promotes purebred dogs as companions, works to promote
responsible dog ownership, and invests in research to help keep dogs healthy.
You can visit www.akc.org to get more
information about the group and to find the exact Poodle breed standard.
The AKC places the Standard and
Miniature varieties in the nonsporting group and the Toy in the toy group
(pretty tough gig at the AKC!). Except for size, the standards for the three
varieties are identical. In the following sections, I summarize the important traits
and the major faults set by the AKC breed standard. (A major fault is a
distinct deviation from the standard’s desired characteristics.)
Remember
Throughout the standard, some aspects of temperament or structure are major faults. If you’re showing your Poodle, a major fault will likely get you eliminated. If your Poodle is a pet and won’t be shown, some major faults aren’t that major. For instance, a nose that is part black and part pink is a major fault in conformation, but it won’t affect your pet’s ability to be a loving companion.
General appearance and size
What makes a Poodle a Poodle?
Leaving aside specifics, most people know a Poodle when they see one. The breed
standard wants to make sure that fact is always true.
- General appearance: A Poodle is active, smart, dignified, and elegant. It should be squarely built and well proportioned, and should move soundly and carry itself proudly.
- Size: Size separates the three Poodle varieties in the AKC. Otherwise, the standard for each variety is identical:
- A Standard Poodle is over 15 inches at the shoulders’ highest point.
- A Miniature Poodle is 15 inches or less at the shoulders’ highest point but measures at least 10 inches.
- A Toy Poodle stands 10 inches or less at the shoulders’ highest point.
- Proportion: Poodles are a square breed. The length of a Poodle’s body from the breastbone to the point of the rump should about equal the height from the highest point of the shoulders to the ground.
- Substance: The Poodle is no lightweight. The forelegs’ and hind legs’ bone and muscle should be in proportion to the Poodle’s size. A Poodle doesn’t have thin, spindly legs and weak feet. These dogs were developed to work.
The head and neck
The standard discusses the proper
Poodle in sections, starting at the front with the head and neck:
- Eyes: Your Poodle’s eyes should be very dark, oval, and set far enough apart so that your Poodle has an alert, intelligent expression. Round, protruding, large, or very light eyes are considered a major fault.
- Ears: A Poodle’s ears should hang close to the head and be set at or slightly below eye level. The flap should be long, wide, and thickly feathered, but the fringe shouldn’t be too long.
- Skull: A Poodle’s skull should be moderately rounded and have a slight but definite stop (the area between the muzzle and the head). The length between the occiput and the stop should be about the same as the length of the muzzle.
- Muzzle: Look for a long, straight muzzle with a little chiseling under the eyes. A major fault here is a lack of chin.
- Teeth: A Poodle’s teeth should be white and strong, and they have a scissors bite. Major faults include having an undershot, overshot, or wry mouth.
- Neck: A Poodle’s neck should be well proportioned, strong, and long. The skin at the throat should be snug, and the neck should rise from strong, smoothly muscled shoulders. The major fault here is ewe neck, which means that the top of the neck is concave rather than convex.
- Topline: The topline, or back, should be level, and it shouldn’t slope or be convex from the shoulder blade’s highest point to the tail’s base. However, there should be a slight hollow just behind the shoulder.
The body
Next, the breed standard
describes a Poodle’s square body in detail:
- Body: A Poodle’s chest should be deep and moderately wide. The loin should be short, broad, and muscular, and the tail should be straight, set on high, carried up, and cut to a proper length so that the Poodle’s outline is balanced. A tail set low, curled, or carried over the back is considered a major fault.
- Forequarters: A Poodle needs strong, smoothly muscled shoulders. A steep shoulder, which shortens a dog’s gait and makes the way it moves less efficient, is a major fault.
- Forelegs: A Poodle’s forelegs are straight and parallel from the front. From the side, the elbows should be directly below the shoulders’ highest points.
- Feet: The feet should be small and oval, have well-arched toes, and be cushioned on thick, firm pads. The nails should be short but not too short, and the feet are turned neither in nor out. A major fault here is a paper or splay foot. A paper foot is a very thin, flat foot. A dog with a thin, flat foot or splayed toes will tire easily, and she may even injure herself because the foot isn’t providing the proper support.
- Hindquarters: A Poodle’s hind legs should be muscular, straight, and parallel from the rear. When the Poodle stands, the rear toes should be only slightly behind the point of the rump. Cow-hocks are a major fault. Cow-hocks are when the hock joints turn in and the feet point out. The hock joint corresponds to the heel of a person, although in a dog, it doesn’t touch the ground as a human heel does.
The coat, clips, and color
The descriptions of the clips
listed in the standard must be followed if you’re showing your dog in
conformation. If your dog is a pet or competing in performance events, however,
the choice of clip is yours. Just make sure that your choice includes keeping your
dog clean and brushed. See Chapter Providing
Your Poodle with a Nutritious Diet for more information on coat care and for
detailed descriptions of different clips.
- Coat: A Poodle’s coat is curly; it has a naturally harsh, dense texture. Corded hair should hang in tight, even cords of varying length. It should be longer on the mane or body coat, head, and ears and shorter on puffs, bracelets, and pompons.
- Clip: A Poodle under 12 months may be shown in the puppy clip. In all regular classes, Poodles 12 months and over must be shown in the English saddle or continental clip. In the Stud Dog and Brood Bitch classes and in a non-competitive Parade of Champions (see Chapter Showing Off and Enjoying Your Poodle’s Talents for details), Poodles may be shown in the sporting clip. A Poodle shown in any other type of clip doesn’t meet AKC standards. Chapter Providing Your Poodle with a Nutritious Diet has full descriptions of these clips.
Tip
In all types of clips, you can leave the hair of the topknot (on the skull, from the stop to the occiput) free or hold it in place with elastic bands. The topknot is the only area where you may use elastic bands.
- Color: The coat’s color should be even and solid at the skin. In blues, grays, silvers, browns, cafe-au-laits, apricots, and creams (see Chapter Deciding Whether a Poodle Is Right for You for more about colors), the coat may show varying shades of the same color. Natural color variation isn’t considered a fault.
Brown and cafe-au-lait Poodles have liver-colored noses, eye rims, and lips; dark toenails; and dark amber eyes. Black, blue, gray, silver, cream, and white Poodles have black noses, eye rims, and lips; black or self-colored toenails; and very dark eyes. The AKC prefers the foregoing coloring in apricots, but livercolored noses, eye rims, and lips and amber eyes are allowed.
A major fault is an incomplete color of the nose, lips and eye rims, or a wrong color for the color of the Poodle. A Poodle’s nose should be a solid color, either black or liver. If either of these colors is mixed with a lighter color, it’s a fault.
Parti-colored dogs, whose coats have two or more colors at the skin — are disqualified by AKC standards.
Gait and temperament
Wrapping up the AKC breed
standard are notes on the Poodle’s gait and temperament:
- Gait: A Poodle should trot lightly and have a strong drive from the hindquarters. It should carry its head and tail up and move soundly and effortlessly.
- Temperament: Poodles are very active and intelligent, and they have a dignified air. The standard considers shyness or sharpness to be a major fault. Responsible breeders work hard to eliminate these types of faults.
The United Kennel Club
The UKC, founded in 1898, is the
world’s largest performance dog registry and the second oldest all-breed
registry in the United States. The UKC supports the “total dog” philosophy. It
also offers a wide variety of performance and conformation events. You can visit
www.ukcdogs.com to find out more about the
group and to find the exact Poodle breed standard.
Tip
The UKC places the Standard Poodle in the gun dog group and the Miniature and Toy varieties in the companion dog group. Except for references to work in the field and height, the standards for all three varieties are identical.
In the following sections, I
summarize the UKC breed standard. The Poodle standard for both the AKC and the
UKC are similar, but some differences exist, especially in colors allowed. Both
registries call for steady temperaments and the ability to move well.
General appearance and characteristics
The UKC standard first gives an
overview of the Poodle and then discusses individual features to give more
detail to the “blueprint”:
- General appearance: The Poodle is dignified, proud, medium sized, and squarely built, and it has a harsh, curly coat that may be clipped traditionally or corded. The ears should be long, drop, and be densely feathered. The tail is normally cut to a proper length, set high, and carried erect. The length of body (from the sternum to the point of the buttocks) is equal to the height (from the withers to the ground).
- Characteristics: The Poodle is most easily identified by its harsh, dense coat, which can be presented in various traditional trims or corded (which happens less frequently). The Poodle also is noted for its high intelligence and trainability. Although Poodles are suspicious of strangers, they need human companionship and don’t do well without regular, close interaction with family. They’re also affectionate with children.
The gait and temperament noted
for the Poodle in the UKC standard is similar to those listed in the AKC
standard.
The head and neck
The UKC standard starts at the
front of the Poodle and works back, describing the perfect Poodle.
The head should be in proportion
to the Poodle’s size. From the side, the skull and muzzle should be roughly
parallel to each other and joined by a slight but definite stop. The skull
should be long and moderately rounded on top, with clean, flat cheeks.
In profile, the muzzle should be
straight and roughly equal in length to the skull. The lips should be tight
with black or liver pigment appropriate to the coat color. Serious faults here
include incomplete lip pigment, wrong color for the color of the coat, and a
weak underjaw.
Standards for a Poodle’s teeth,
nose, eyes, ears, and neck are similar to those of the AKC standard.
The body
The UKC and the AKC agree on the
overall build of a Poodle, including its forequarters, hindquarters, feet, and
tail, although the official wording may differ in some places.
The UKC adds to its description
of a Poodle’s body that the loin appears short, broad, and muscular. The ribs
extend well back and are well sprung from the spine, curving down and in. The
brisket (or chest) extends to the elbow.
The coat, clips, and color
The UKC standard also lists the
qualities of coat, color, and proper clips for a Poodle:
- Coat: A Poodle has a harsh, dense, curly coat. If you’re interested in conformation shows (see Chapter Showing Off and Enjoying Your Poodle’s Talents for details), you may present the coat naturally, corded, or in a traditional clip.
- Clips: Like the AKC, the UKC recognizes several different clips for the conformation ring: puppy, English saddle, continental, and sporting. See Chapter Providing Your Poodle with a Nutritious Diet for full details about these clips.
- Color: Both the UKC and the AKC recognize solid colors (apricot, black, blue, cream, gray, silver, white, and different shades of brown, such as café-au-lait), but the UKC also approves parti-colored Poodles, phantoms, abstracts, sables, and multi-patterned Poodles:
- Parti-colored: Parti-colored Poodles are at least 50 percent white, with spots or patches of any other recognized solid color. The head can have a solid color, with a white muzzle, blaze, or white muzzle/blaze combination. (A blaze is a strip of white running up the muzzle and between the eyes.) Full or partial saddles are also accepted, as long as they don’t exceed the color proportion of 50-50. Ticking (small flecks of color) in the white of the coat is acceptable but not preferred.
- Phantom: Phantoms have a solid base color with defined markings of a second acceptable color above each eye, on the sides of the muzzle, on the throat, on the forechest, on all four legs and feet, and below the tail. A phantom without clearly defined face markings or one with its whole face in the second color is acceptable, as long as the coat maintains all the other body markings.
- bstract: Abstracts have less than 50 percent white, with the remaining percentage being any other acceptable solid color.
- Sable: A sable coat has black-tipped hairs on a background of any solid color. There is no particular pattern for such hairs.
- Multi-patterned: A multi-patterned coat clearly shows more than one acceptable color pattern. For example, a parti-colored dog could have full or incomplete phantom markings. You could also see a phantom with additional abstract markings.
Poodle Dog Breed Information, Pictures, Characteristics & Facts, Poodle Guide: Toy, Miniature, Standard, Teacup, Shedding, Sizes of Poodles, Poodle Colors, Types of Poodle Coats, Poodle Mixes, nutrition and care, health
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