Watching and attracting birds to your garden

Watching Garden Birds

When observing your garden, it is likely that you will spot various birds, some of which may be familiar, while others may be more challenging to identify. To begin your birdwatching journey, it is important to invest in a reliable pair of binoculars. These will allow for close observation without disturbing the birds and will open up a new world of interest. Keeping a log of the different bird species that visit your garden, along with the date, time of day, and number of birds present, can provide valuable insight into regular and casual visitors. If you happen to spot an unfamiliar bird, be sure to take note of its size, plumage details, and behavior before it flies away.

The Song Thrush is utilizing the 'anvil technique' to consume a snail, a behavior commonly observed in this species. The bird repeatedly strikes the snail's shell against a hard surface, such as a stone or rock, to access its soft contents. One may identify evidence of this behavior through the presence of clusters of smashed snail shells, frequently found along garden paths.

As an ornithologist, it is important to note that if one has a pond in their garden, they may expect a visit from the Grey Heron. These birds are known to feed primarily at dawn and dusk, taking advantage of the lower levels of sun glare which allows for easier prey spotting. However, it is recommended to cover the pond with fine netting if one wishes to protect their fish from being consumed by the heron.

The BTO Garden BirdWatch survey, conducted by the British Trust for Ornithology, is a globally recognized year-round survey of birds. With over 12,000 participants collecting weekly records of bird and wildlife activity in their gardens, the Garden BirdWatch research team at the BTO office analyzes these observations. The team uses this information to understand how birds and wildlife use gardens and how this usage has evolved over time. The team's research findings serve as national indicators and help conservation organizations identify sudden changes in bird populations. Notably, BTO Garden BirdWatchers were the first to bring attention to the decline of House Sparrow, Song Thrush, and Starling populations, while also highlighting the increase in Goldfinch and Woodpigeon garden visitors and the continuing upturn in Blackcap winter garden usage.

If you wish to participate in this project and become a 'Citizen Scientist,' please contact the BTO's Garden BirdWatch Team. There is an annual contribution of £17 to cover administrative costs, and in return, participants receive a quarterly magazine with articles and the latest survey results, access to garden bird experts, and offers on new BTO publications.

RESULTS OF GARDEN BIRD SURVEY, 2010-2015: species most frequently recorded

The table shows the ranking of the ten commonest species in order of recorded frequency, whilst the percentage figure total refers to the number of gardens in which the relevant species was recorded.

The frequency of species recorded in gardens typically varies from one season to another. During the autumn, there is a noticeable decline in garden usage as many birds forage for seasonal resources in the wider countryside or become less conspicuous during their annual moult. Through the Garden BirdWatch survey, intriguing insights have been uncovered about some of the less familiar garden visitors. For instance, the establishment of conifer plantations has led to an increase in the use of gardens by Siskins, a species whose presence in gardens was only recorded in approximately 7% of cases during the early 1970s. Today, this charming little finch is observed annually in around 19% of participating gardens, with peak garden usage occurring in the early part of the year. Moreover, an expanding number of gardens located near mature conifer plantations experience visits from Siskins during the summer months, accompanied by their offspring.

Bird Behaviour

The term 'bird behaviour' encompasses all the various ways in which birds carry out their daily activities, including feeding, roosting, birdsong, and courtship displays. While some behaviours like migration and courtship are seasonal, many others occur on a daily basis. Studying bird behaviour in a garden provides an excellent opportunity to observe these creatures up close. From observing tits as they feed on a nut-basket to watching a Blackbird sunbathe, every aspect of bird behaviour can be witnessed in a garden. After identifying the different birds in your garden, the next step is to delve deeper into their behaviour. While it may seem like a challenging task initially, with a little perseverance, one can gain a comprehensive understanding of the reasons behind the behaviour of these fascinating creatures.

Long-tailed Tits are highly gregarious birds and are typically observed in pairs or small flocks. The members of this group have clustered together on a branch, presumably to maximize their thermal insulation on a chilly winter evening.

Birdsong serves two important purposes in the avian world: defending a breeding territory against male competitors and attracting a mate. As with all songbirds, Robins are known for their early morning melodies, singing most frequently around dawn. Nevertheless, their songs can also be heard throughout the day.

In the spring season, it is recommended to observe birds carrying nesting material in their beaks. It has been observed that Spotted Flycatchers usually construct their nests in hollows of trees or cracks in walls, utilizing bits of grass and small twigs, and lining the nest with feathers.

It is important to note that birds' feathers require regular cleaning to maintain their optimal condition, as they are prone to getting dirty quickly. In the image, a House Sparrow is seen utilizing a birdbath to cleanse itself of the urban grime. For those who have a birdbath, it is recommended to change the water regularly to prevent excessive dirt buildup.

Binoculars

A thorough review of monthly bird magazines reveals a vast array of binocular options available in today's market. For those with an interest in observing birds within their garden, it may be unnecessary to invest in a high-end, premium pair of binoculars. Rather, a variety of reasonably priced, lightweight, and user-friendly binoculars are available and ideally suited to meet such needs. To determine which binoculars are best for you, it is recommended to visit a specialist shop that deals in optical equipment. Here, staff can be informed of your preferences, budget, and intended use, and can suggest options accordingly. For garden bird watching, a larger pair of binoculars is not necessary, and a magnification of around 8 x 30 should suffice. These binoculars will provide clarity, a bright image, and a lightweight design. Ultimately, choose the binoculars that feel most comfortable in your hands, whether they be porro prism, roof prism, or a more compact design.

Porro prism - Binoculars with a classic design have remained largely unchanged for many years. However, they can be cumbersome and unwieldy, particularly when used for casual observation from a kitchen window. These binoculars come in a range of magnifications, from 7x50 to 12x50 and beyond. It is worth considering porro prism binoculars with an 8x30 magnification, which are often the most practical choice.

Compact binoculars - A suitable choice for observing birds in your garden is a pair of compact binoculars that are easy to handle, lightweight, and convenient to carry around. Despite their limited magnification, typically up to 7 x 26, they offer various benefits as mentioned earlier. Several prominent optics manufacturers have now started to focus on this segment of the market.

Roof prism - Roof-prism binoculars are typically preferred by birdwatchers due to their ease of use in terms of both shape and weight. However, they are often priced at the higher end of the market. It is important to note that not all roof-prism binoculars are expensive, but lower-priced options may not offer the same level of quality.

Ideal Garden Habitats

It is recommended to consider incorporating a diversity of habitats into your garden whenever possible. If you currently have a lawn, it may be beneficial to set aside some space for planting shrubs or trees, or even creating a pond. For those who already have a garden with trees, planting a hedge along the outside can be a great addition. Trees, hedges, and shrubs are all valuable habitats for garden birds, providing natural cover, potential nesting places, and a significant food source. While there are numerous options available, our research delves into the best choices. If resources allow, adding a pond can enhance your garden and attract various insects for birds to thrive on. Additionally, it can serve as a ready-made birdbath and drinking pool, as water is just as essential to birds as worms, seeds, grain, or nuts. It is important to keep this in mind.

During the autumn season, blackberries reach their peak in terms of flavor and texture. These plump and delectable fruits are highly sought after by both resident and migrant thrushes, who will undoubtedly have an ample supply of food to sustain themselves.

During the early spring season, Birch catkins are highly favored by smaller finches such as Siskin and Redpolls. Moreover, during winter when the leaves of the tree fall off, woodpeckers are known to frequently visit birch trees due to the ease of accessing insects within the wood.

The Wild Cherry is known to bear succulent fruit during autumn, which is relished by bullfinches who peck at the flesh before reaching the tough stone within. Additionally, the tree's exquisite flowers serve as a lure for pollinating insects, thereby attracting a variety of birds, including warblers.

The Norway Spruce and Sitka Spruce are highly favored by various bird species, particularly Coal Tit, Goldcrest, Treecreeper, Nuthatch, and finches.

During the spring and summer seasons, various species such as woodpeckers and warblers breed in Oaks, and they benefit from the abundant small caterpillars that serve as a significant source of food for parent birds to feed their hungry offspring.

Wild crab apples serve as a vital source of nourishment for thrushes during harsh weather conditions. Redwings and Fieldfares have a tendency to consume the flesh, while leaving the pips for Chaffinches and tits.

The Hawthorn tree is known for its dense foliage, which provides a safe haven for nesting species. Additionally, the tree's haws serve as a food source for finches and thrushes, while also adding a vibrant touch of color to garden landscapes.

To effectively attract birds to your garden, it is recommended to provide a diverse selection of plants. Plants offer a range of benefits, including shelter and cover for roosting, as well as protection for nesting birds and their offspring against predators. Additionally, garden plants serve as a reliable food source throughout the year, providing seeds, berries, fruit, and nectar. To support birds during the winter months, consider planting berrybearing shrubs. Plants also have the ability to attract insects, which are a crucial source of sustenance for smaller birds such as tits and warblers. Opt for insect-friendly plants like Buddleia, commonly referred to as the butterfly bush due to its appeal to butterflies. Another effective way to attract birds is by creating a pond, even in a small garden. A pond provides birds with a place to drink and bathe, while also attracting a variety of insects. Constructing a pond is a straightforward process and can be accomplished in gardens of all sizes.

During winter months characterized by harsh weather conditions, such as frost or snow, the availability of windfall fruit becomes a crucial food source for avian species. Among these species are the Fieldfares and Redwings, which migrate from Scandinavia to winter in the area.

The Goldfinch, similar to other finches, is known for its seed-eating habits. Its beak is specifically adapted to pluck individual seeds from plants. The Goldfinch has a preference for thistle, teazel, and burdock seeds, but it also enjoys dandelion seeds, as seen in the accompanying image.

Nectar is a significant energy source, particularly for small avian species. The Blackcap, in this instance, is utilizing its delicate beak to explore the Honeysuckle flower, potentially causing its face to become coated with yellow pollen.

Maintaining a garden that avoids the use of potent insecticides can provide a crucial sanctuary for insects. Allowing a portion of the garden to remain in a natural state, with native weeds thriving, can prove to be highly beneficial for the local ecosystem. While this may not be a popular choice amongst neighbors, it is a commendable effort that is sure to be appreciated by the insects and birds that call it home. It is also important to note that many plants that are commonly labeled as 'weeds' are actually quite visually appealing when they bloom.

Birds have a diverse diet, consuming various insects based on the size of their bills. While some birds may attempt to consume insects that are too large for them, they are still capable of swallowing surprisingly sizable items with ease.

According to research, grasshoppers are a highly nutritious food source for many species of garden birds.

Leatherjackets, which are the larvae of craneflies, commonly known as daddy-long-legs, are a significant source of food during the spring and summer seasons.

Caterpillars play a crucial role as prey for Blue and Great Tits, particularly during the breeding season, as the substantial energy derived from their plump bodies is essential for the nourishment of the growing chicks.

Earthworms are commonly preyed upon by Blackbirds and Song Thrushes, which vigilantly scan the lawn for any signs of worms emerging from the soil.

Ponds are known to invariably attract insects, particularly during warm summer evenings. House Martins are known to capitalize on the plentiful supply of flying insects during this time. It is common to observe House Martins swiftly swooping up to catch insects and then gracefully gliding down.

KEY TO TABLE: R = Resident (present throughout the year) S = Summer visitor W = Winter visitor Months present indicated by numbers 1–12

Status indicated by type: Bold = present in most gardens – e.g. 1 2 3 Normal = present in some gardens – e.g. 1 2 3 Italic = rare or local visitor to a few gardens – e.g. 1 2 3 ( ) = occasionally seen during this month – (1 2 3)

Rarities and Escapees

Occasionally, gardens may receive unexpected visitors, including escaped cagebirds such as Budgerigars or Canaries, although their survival in the British weather is unlikely. Some hardier species may establish a feral population, with some, like the Ring-necked Parakeet, even becoming an agricultural pest. Additionally, rare visitors may appear in gardens. If an unusual bird is spotted, it is recommended to contact the RSPB or the Bird Information Service. It is possible that the bird may be as rare as the Yellow-rumped Warbler, which was spotted on a Devon birdtable one winter, marking the first recorded sighting of this North American species in Europe.

The Ring-necked Parakeets, which have their origins in Asia, were intentionally set free by cagebird dealers during the 1960s and 1970s. These birds have now successfully established themselves in various regions of southeast England and are commonly seen in residential gardens, where they exhibit a particular fondness for fruit trees. Their unique screeching call, long tail, and emerald-green plumage are easily recognizable.

During the autumn season, a small number of rare migratory birds from Siberia make an unexpected appearance on the eastern coasts, far from their intended destination. Despite the unfortunate fate of many, a handful of these birds venture inland and have been known to appear in gardens. In regions with mild weather, such as the sheltered areas of southwest England, some of these birds, like the Yellow-browed Warbler, may be able to survive the winter.

Hoopoes are a species that frequently visit the British Isles during the spring season and can sometimes be spotted on garden lawns, particularly in the southern region. These birds are similar in size to the Mistle Thrush and have a striking pinkish plumage, black-and-white wings, and a prominent crest. It is important to note that they can be easily mistaken for the Jay, which may appear pink on the ground but has a shorter bill and lacks a crest.

Urban Gardens

As a professional researcher, it is evident that even a small garden in the heart of the city can serve as a sanctuary for birds. It can offer a safe haven amidst the urban landscape, providing sustenance, shelter, and even a nesting site. To enhance the bird population in your garden, it is essential to make it as bird-friendly as possible. This can be achieved by incorporating bird tables, birdbaths, and nest boxes while also implementing measures to deter unwelcome visitors such as cats and squirrels.

During the onset of spring, avian species like House Sparrows actively search for materials to construct their nests. However, in urban areas, such resources may be scarce. As a solution, one can offer substitutes like wool or hair to support their nesting activities.

During winter, avian species tend to take refuge in urban gardens due to the availability of food and water, which can be crucial for their survival. Apart from the common species, gardens may attract uncommon visitors, such as Coal Tit, woodpeckers, and Nuthatch, as shown in the accompanying image. In the event of prolonged inclement weather, these birds may continue to stay in the garden, provided there is a steady supply of food and water.

In instances of extended periods of low temperatures, waterbirds such as Moorhen, Water Rail, or Snipe may occasionally frequent residential gardens. The Snipe species primarily feeds on worms, utilizing its elongated bill to probe deeply into compact soil.

Parks and Open Spaces

As you develop your knowledge of the avian species in your garden, you may feel compelled to expand your exploration. A local park is an excellent starting point, offering a diverse range of species to observe and test your identification abilities. It is recommended to visit during early morning hours, prior to the influx of park-goers, to witness the heightened activity of the birds. During this time, they are often more approachable and engaged in various behaviors such as feeding, singing, calling, bathing, and preening. Conversely, a busy summer weekend may not yield as many sightings.

The Hawfinch is a species that exhibits a reserved nature and is most easily observed at established breeding or wintering locations. Its unique call, characterized by an explosive 'zik', can aid in identification. Typically observed in small groups or solitary, the Hawfinch can be distinguished by its sizable body, prominent white wing bars, and distinctive "bull-headed" appearance. Its large bill is well-suited for accessing cherry kernels by cracking their stones, as well as consuming the seeds of various trees, such as the elm.

The Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, which is approximately the size of a sparrow, is recognized as the smallest woodpecker in the region and is known for being difficult to spot. During the winter season, it is recommended to search for this species while it searches for food in flocks of tits and other small birds. However, during the spring season, its soft drumming can be heard in wooded areas of large parks, although this species is highly susceptible to human disturbance.

During the spring season, breeding birds tend to sing before dawn. For novice birdwatchers, distinguishing between various bird calls and songs can be challenging. To overcome this, it is recommended to invest some time in familiarizing oneself with the different calls and songs by utilizing CDs or online resources. It is worth noting that singing birds are frequently concealed by dense foliage, and observing them may require patience. Larger parks and open spaces offer a more extensive range of bird species, although it may take some time to spot some of the more elusive ones.

If a park in your locality has a pond or lake, it is likely to attract various waterfowl, particularly during autumn and winter. These birds are generally less sensitive to human presence than songbirds, and may permit a close approach, especially if you offer them some bread as a treat. The common species that can be seen are Tufted Duck, Pochard, Mallard, Shoveler, Moorhen, Coot, and the ubiquitous Canada Goose.

The Little Owl, known for its diurnal habits, is most active during the early morning and late afternoon. It can often be spotted perched on a post or branch of a tree, or swooping down to capture rodents or insects. After numerous attempts to introduce the Little Owl into various regions of Britain throughout the past century, it has now become a common sight in lowland farms and similar habitats.

Feeding Birds

Attracting birds to one's garden is a fulfilling and enjoyable experience, regardless of its size. While birds may visit gardens occasionally, keeping them around for longer periods requires specific measures. Feeding them is a guaranteed method of attracting birds repeatedly. As more birds become aware of the food source in your garden, you can expect to see increased activity. However, it is important to consider what to feed them and when. This section aims to address these concerns by providing safe food recommendations and innovative ideas to keep birds fed and hydrated. The following pages will examine successful feeding methods, including bird tables, seed hoppers, birdbaths, tit bells, and scrap baskets.

Robins are a commonly observed species in gardens and are highly adaptable to different environments. These birds have a tendency to return to the garden for food throughout the year. In situations where space is limited, providing food in a frostproof terracotta bowl can be advantageous. With patience and consistency, the birds may become more trusting and approachable, leading to further observations and study.

A bird table is a classic and recognizable approach to drawing birds into your garden. These tables are available in various shapes and sizes, with or without sides, perches, and sometimes even a thatched roof or a nest box. As demonstrated by this common sight, bird tables can lure a variety of species, including the Chaffinch, Great Tit, and House Sparrow, all of which can benefit from the food provided. While they may consume different food items, it is important to offer provisions for all of them.

During the winter season, observing birds feeding on a nutbag through the kitchen window can provide immense pleasure. In this scenario, a Siskin, Great Tit, and Blue Tit are observed competing for the most desirable peanuts. Despite the presence of unwashed dishes, the experience of observing these birds squabble and feed can be a delightful pastime.

Water is a crucial element for the survival of birds, especially during the winter season, just as important as a sufficient food supply. To ensure birds have access to clean water, a birdbath can be provided, ranging from a repurposed dustbin lid to a specially designed birdbath. By offering a place to bathe and maintain their feathers, a birdbath can help birds stay healthy and hydrated. In the photograph, a Song Thrush is utilizing the birdbath, which is kept free from ice during the winter season with the aid of a night light placed underneath.

Certain species exhibit a generalist feeding behavior and can consume a wide range of food sources. In this particular case, the Starlings are observed feeding on kitchen scraps that have been carefully placed in a basket to prevent the attraction of rodents.

It is well-known that seeds are a crucial part of the diet of finches, including the Greenfinch and Goldfinch. These birds have evolved different-shaped bills to consume specific types of seeds. To attract these birds to your feeding station, it is important to provide a diverse range of seed shapes and sizes in sufficient quantities.

A recommended approach for observing birds is through the utilization of a window feeder. With the aid of this tool, birds such as the Robin and Blue Tit can become accustomed to it, enabling you to appreciate their beauty up close from the convenience of your living space.

A viable method to draw in rarer bird species, such as the Great Spotted Woodpecker and Nuthatch, to your garden during the winter season, particularly if you reside near a wood, even a small one, is through the use of a hollow stick containing small holes and suet, which can be obtained from reputable birdfood suppliers. It is worth noting that this type of feeder also has the potential to appeal to tit species.

Providing a high-energy food source for small birds, such as tits, during cold weather is crucial for their survival. A tit bell filled with fat or suet can supply the necessary energy, as these birds may need to consume up to a quarter of their body weight daily. Without access to such food sources in gardens during harsh winters, many tits would not survive.

Mealworms are a highly recommended source of high-energy winter food for various bird species such as tits, thrushes, and blackbirds. They can be easily obtained from pet stores and fishing supply stores.

Nest Sites

Creating suitable nesting sites is an effective way to attract birds to your garden. Trees, shrubs, and man-made structures, such as wall holes and drainpipes, can all provide a suitable location for birds to build their nests. Even a small garden can support multiple nesting sites, while a larger garden with diverse habitats can serve as a valuable breeding refuge for birds.

Enthusiastic gardeners can encourage nesting by planting a variety of appropriate shrubs and trees. Native plants like Elder and Hawthorn are typically the best choice, but fast-growing evergreens like cypresses can also provide cover. Additionally, man-made nest boxes can be used to attract specific bird species while deterring others.

It is advisable to install nest boxes during the winter, so that birds can acclimate to them before the breeding season begins. The ideal location for a nest box is on a tree, wall, or garden fence, between two and five meters above ground level. To avoid exposure to harsh weather conditions, nest boxes should be positioned facing between northeast and southeast. It is essential to place the box out of the reach of predators and curious humans.

The RSPB offers informative fact sheets that cover various types of nest boxes, including instructions on how to make your own. The organization also sells pre-made boxes by mail order for those who prefer not to build their own.

The commonly utilized nestboxes typically feature a small opening, ranging from 25-32 mm in diameter, based on the specific species being targeted. In particular, Great Tits tend to favor a hole approximately 28 mm in size. These birds typically produce one or two broods, consisting of five to eleven eggs that are incubated by the adults for roughly two weeks. The young typically leave the nest three weeks after hatching, during which time they are frequently observed making trips to gather food such as moth caterpillars and other insects to feed their growing offspring.

A nestbox with an open front is considered appropriate for various species, including Robin, Wren, and Spotted Flycatcher. Wrens tend to lay two clutches of eggs, consisting of five to eight eggs each. However, it is common for the male Wren to build multiple nests before the female selects one. In winter, during cold weather, Wrens may use nestboxes for roosting purposes, with several dozen individuals huddled together in a single box.

This unique nestbox, crafted to mimic a natural crevice found within a tree trunk, has been specifically designed to attract the Treecreeper species. In woodland environments, it is commonly found nestled behind loose bark or within ivy. Although small in size and resembling a mouse, this bird can also be observed in rural gardens, where it can be seen scaling tree trunks in search of its primary source of sustenance - insects.

The decrease in the quantity of decayed and fallen trees has resulted in a significant reduction in the number of available nesting sites for larger avian species, including the Tawny Owl. As a means of addressing this issue, it is recommended to provide custom-made owl boxes that can be affixed to the underside of branches or placed in a tree fork. To maximize the effectiveness of these boxes, it is suggested that they be placed in areas where owls are known to be present, particularly in locations where previous nesting sites have been destroyed.

House Martins are a commonly observed summer migrant species, typically arriving in late April and departing for their wintering grounds in Africa during September and October. These birds are known for constructing their nests under the eaves of buildings using wet mud pellets. It is now possible to facilitate House Martin breeding by installing artificial nests, although this may result in complaints from nearby residents due to the noise generated by the young birds.

Kestrels are a prevalent and recognizable bird of prey that inhabit various habitats, such as tree holes and building ledges. To ensure their safety and protection from human interference, a sturdy and spacious nest box is necessary. The open-fronted design of the nest box provides an opportunity to observe the growth of the young kestrels and the type of food their parents bring to them.

The Spotted Flycatcher, a fascinating summer visitor, exhibits impressive acrobatic skills while pursuing its insect prey. This dainty bird is known to nest in a range of sites, including hanging baskets, ledges, and specially designed nestboxes. Although it is named for its spots, it is actually streaked, with faint streaks limited to the crown and breast. Juveniles, on the other hand, have a more spotted appearance, including over the entire head and mantle.

Garden Hazards

Gardens, while providing a peaceful retreat for their owners, can pose a significant threat to birds. Domestic cats, in particular, are responsible for millions of bird fatalities annually, with adult birds often falling victim and their deaths leading to nesting failure.

In addition, the high concentration of smaller birds in gardens can attract other predators, including birds of prey like the Sparrowhawk, who view birdtables as an easy source of sustenance.

To mitigate this issue in your own garden, it is recommended to ensure that bird food is placed on sturdy birdtables that are out of reach for most predators.

The Magpie is often regarded as the most notorious predator in gardens. However, it is important to note that Magpies are not always the villains they are made out to be. Unlike cats, Magpies tend to prey on eggs and chicks, allowing adult birds the opportunity to raise a second brood even if the first is destroyed. Additionally, the vast majority of songbirds do not survive beyond their first year, meaning that the Magpie's catch has little impact on the overall population. It is also worth noting that Magpies are a natural part of the food chain, unlike cats.

Observing a cat stalking a bird reveals its innate wild behavior. However, cats pose a significant threat to the populations of garden birds, particularly during breeding season. A practical solution to minimize the cat's predatory impact is to attach a bell to its collar. This simple measure serves as an early warning system for birds and can effectively reduce the mortality rate.

In the context of avian predation, a tree cavity inhabited by Blue Tit nestlings may serve as a viable food source for a Great Spotted Woodpecker. However, the survival of the nestlings is contingent upon the size of the cavity entrance, as a narrow opening may impede the woodpecker's access to the chicks.

One of the remarkable and unforgettable experiences in the field of garden birdwatching is observing a Sparrowhawk in pursuit of its prey. The unique physical attributes of the hawk, such as its short, blunt wings and long tail, allow it to swiftly approach its target at a low angle, undetected. The Chaffinch, depicted in this scenario, likely had no awareness of the impending danger.

To effectively safeguard your nestbox against squirrels, it is recommended to install a durable metal plate around the hole. This measure has been proven to deter most intruders, as squirrels have a tendency to target eggs and young birds.