Focusing on Your Husky’s Health and Wellbeing

Siberians are widely known for their exceptional health and longevity, with many retaining their energetic spirit well into their senior years. While it is true that even the healthiest of dogs can fall ill, it is important to remain vigilant and keep a watchful eye on your furry companion to ensure their well-being. As a responsible dog owner, it is imperative to have a trusted veterinarian on hand in case of a medical emergency. To avoid any last-minute panic, it is advisable to choose a veterinarian prior to bringing your new Husky home. In this chapter, I will offer guidance on your initial visit to the vet's office, provide information on common ailments that affect dogs, and specifically Huskies, and offer preventative measures as well as responses to such ailments.

Knowing What to Expect on the First Vet Checkup

Your dog’s first checkup should include the following:

» Heart and respiration

» Tooth condition

» Ears

» Eyes

» Overall condition

It is recommended to select a veterinarian in advance, as it is advisable to schedule a checkup for your new companion within two to three days of acquiring them. It is advised to jot down any inquiries you may have to ensure that you do not overlook them.

» A truly complete exam should include the following lab tests:

• A complete blood count (CBC) to check for infections or anemia
• A complete blood chemistry panel including electrolytes and SDMA, which indicates the state of your Husky’s liver, kidneys, pancreas, blood sugar, and hydration
• A urinalysis to look for infection or inflammation in your pet’s urinary tract
• A fecal test to check for worms in the intestines
• A thyroid function test to see if the thyroid gland is functioning well

Neutering and Spaying: The Biggest Decision

Neutering is a commonly used term to describe the process of rendering a dog incapable of reproduction. For female dogs, the term spaying is used, which involves the removal of both the uterus and ovaries. For male dogs, the term castration is used, which involves the removal of the testicles. Currently, it is estimated that 80 percent of dogs in the United States have been neutered. In fact, many states require that dogs adopted from shelters undergo the procedure prior to being placed in their new homes. According to the American Veterinary Medical Association, dogs can be neutered as early as 8 weeks of age, which is beneficial for shelters that rely on early neutering to help manage pet overpopulation issues. However, while neutering remains a common practice, recent research suggests that it may not be the best option for all pet owners.

Remember

Initial research conducted on Golden Retrievers, a breed with a higher susceptibility to certain types of cancer, was expanded to include additional breeds, leading to a more complex understanding of the issue. Studies revealed that breeds weighing less than 45 pounds or giant breeds did not exhibit an increased risk of cancer. However, Siberians fall within the 45-pound range, making the decision more challenging. It is advised to consult with your veterinarian to determine the optimal spay-neuter option for your furry friend, as ongoing research in this field continues to evolve. Ultimately, the decision of whether or not to neuter your dog is at your discretion. The following sections will explore the advantages and disadvantages of spaying and neutering your Husky.

Eyeing why you’d want to spay your Husky

Here are some reasons why you may want to spay your female Siberian:

» Spaying eliminates heat cycles and “accidental” litters. Unspayed female dogs experience a biannual heat cycle that can result in the soiling of carpets, floors, and bedding with blood and other unpleasant fluids. Additionally, unneutered male dogs in the vicinity may be drawn to the unspayed female, leading to unwanted attention and potential escapes. In the event of a successful mating, a litter of mixed breed puppies can be expected within approximately sixty-three days. It is for these reasons that many pet owners choose to have their female dogs spayed.

» Unspayed dogs often aren’t welcome at dog parks. Policy enforcement varies.

» Dogs spayed before their first heat cycle have almost no chance of developing mammary cancer. This is a common disease, usually less serious than in people.

» Spaying prevents pyometra, a potentially lethal infection of the uterus.

» Spaying prevents ovarian cancer.

Considering why not to spay your Husky

You may not want to spay your Husky for the following reasons:

» You want to breed the dog. Well, obviously.

» You plan to show your dog in conformation. The purpose of dog shows is to showcase exemplary breeding stock. It is important to note that spayed females are unable to produce offspring.

SPAYING TOO EARLY MAY CAUSE ISSUES

If you elect to spay your Siberian, dangers can arise from spaying her too early (before the first heat cycle). Early spaying

• Can cause uneven growth in the leg bones, leading to possibly hip dysplasia or torn ligaments
• Can increase the risk of bone cancer
• Can cause urinary incontinence in as much as 20 percent of dogs
• Can deform your dog’s vulva (making it not only look odd, but leave her subject to infections)

» Spaying doubles the risk of obesity, a very serious health problem that brings others in its wake, including diabetes. Recent research suggests that the issue may be attributed to self-spaying rather than a lack of physical activity, contrary to prior beliefs. It is worth noting that this concern is more prevalent in males.

» Spaying increases the risk of a hemangiosarcoma, a rapidly growing deadly cancer arising from the lining of the blood vessels. Death is usually caused when the tumors burst and the dog bleeds to death.

» Spaying may alter the texture of your dog’s coat.

» Spaying triples the risk of hypothyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces insufficient hormones.

» Spayed dogs may be in more danger of suffering cognitive decline in later years than their intact counterparts.

» Spaying is a major surgery, with all the attendant risks involved, up to and including death.

Eyeing why you’d want to neuter your Husky

For male Siberians, you may want to neuter your dog for the following reasons:

» Neutered dogs have a lower rate of testicular cancer (like 0 percent). On the other hand, this kind of cancer is easy to treat in dogs.

» Neutered dogs have a lower rate of fistulas and perianal tumors.

» Neutered males tend to be less aggressive.

» Neutered males are less apt to stray. Although to be honest, any Husky will run off if offered half a chance.

» Unneutered dogs often aren’t permitted in dog parks.

Choosing not to neuter your Husky

Here are reasons you may decide neutering your dog isn’t the best option.

» Recent research shows prostate cancer is more common in neutered males. This contradicts earlier research that showed the opposite.

» As with females, neutering is correlated with hemangiosarcoma. Please refer to the section titled "Considering the reasons against spaying your Husky" earlier in this chapter

» Neutering is associated with lymphosarcoma in males. Typically, testosterone offers a degree of defense against this ailment. However, canines that have been neutered lack the presence of testosterone.

» As with females, neutering raises the risk of hypothyroidism. It has been observed that a decrease in reproductive hormone levels can cause a disruption in the normal functioning of the endocrine system.

» Intact dogs seem less likely to suffer cognitive decline in their later years.

Warning

It is recommended that males with only one descended testicle undergo neutering. This is due to the increased risk of cancer associated with the retained testicle.

Examining Vaccines in Plain English

Vaccines, alongside antibiotics, antiseptics, and anesthesia, represent one of the most significant medical advancements in human history. However, there is often confusion surrounding their purpose, particularly with the rapid development of new types. In essence, a vaccine is a suspension of killed, weakened, or fragmented pathogens that prevent disease, typically against a specific ailment. By stimulating the immune system to attack the disease-causing agent, antibody producing cells remain sensitized and ready to respond to future attacks. The length of immunity can vary, with some vaccines offering lifelong protection, such as measles, while others, like tetanus, require booster shots every few years.

Technical stuff

The Husky breed originated in Siberia where they were not exposed to many diseases and therefore did not require vaccinations. This was due to the fact that vaccines were not available to the Chukchis, the indigenous people of Siberia who bred the Husky. However, in modern times, various infections pose a significant threat to unprotected dogs, particularly unvaccinated puppies. It is important to take preventative measures to protect these beloved pets from potential health risks.

Canine distemper, parvovirus, hepatitis, and rabies are among the many dangerous diseases that can afflict dogs. Given that dogs are bound to come into contact with some of these illnesses, most veterinarians recommend a well-planned vaccination program starting when your puppy is just a few weeks old as the best defense against illness. It is important to disregard any advice against vaccinating your dog. The eradication of smallpox worldwide is a direct result of vaccinations, and rabies is now remarkably rare among dogs in the United States and Canada due to vaccination efforts. As a responsible dog owner, it is your duty to ensure your dog is vaccinated and protected, as well as other dogs. The following sections provide further insight into the composition of vaccines and general considerations to keep in mind when vaccinating your Husky.

Looking closer at vaccines

Each disease necessitates a specific vaccine, although on occasion, multiple vaccines can be combined and administered simultaneously, known as a multivalent vaccine. For certain diseases, multiple vaccines may be accessible. There are various types of vaccines available, each categorized based on the manufacturing process.

» Killed (inactivated) virus vaccines: These vaccines, known as killed virus vaccines, are highly stable and prepared from a non-living virus. The immune response is triggered by the viral protein present in the vaccine. These vaccines are considered safe and easy to handle and do not cause suppression of the immune system. However, some dogs may experience reactions to them. Killed virus vaccines need to be administered more frequently and are somewhat less effective than other types. Adverse reactions may be more likely in some dogs. These vaccines are safe for pregnant dogs and are used for all rabies vaccinations, as well as for leptospirosis, some Lyme disease vaccines, some Bordetella vaccines, and all canine influenza vaccines.

» Modified live virus vaccines (attenuated): Modified live virus vaccines are created using a weakened, yet still viable form of the virus, or a related organism that provokes a similar immune response. These vaccines offer superior and longer-lasting immunity compared to killed virus vaccines, particularly if the individual has previously contracted the disease. However, there is a risk that the organism in this type of vaccine may revert to a disease-causing form, particularly in dogs with weakened immune systems. Additionally, autoimmune issues may arise on occasion. Puppies, with their immature immune systems, are particularly vulnerable to the risks associated with this type of vaccine. Notably, vaccines against parvovirus, adenovirus-2, and distemper are of this variety. It is worth noting that any vaccine administered nasally to your dog falls into this category.

» Recombinant (subunit) vaccines: These vaccines utilize a distinct approach as they do not incorporate live or killed virus or bacteria. Unlike traditional vaccines, the entire virus is not introduced into the body, thereby eliminating any potential for illness. Rather, the vaccines are created using fragments of DNA encoding for the protein that triggers the immune response. At present, recombinant vaccines are available for canine distemper and Lyme disease.

» Toxoid vaccines: Toxoid vaccines are formulated from specific toxins that have been rendered non-toxic yet still have the ability to elicit an immune response. Presently, there is only one toxoid vaccine available for canines, specifically designed to combat Western Diamondback rattlesnake envenomation. However, the immunity it provides is short-lived and necessitates multiple boosters within a year. Therefore, it is not recommended for widespread use.

» Therapeutic biologics: There are several types of vaccines available for various canine diseases. One such type is a nonreplicating recombinant antigen that effectively prevents canine oral melanoma. Additionally, monoclonal antibodies, which use only the most effective antibodies, can be utilized to treat atopic dermatitis.

Considering key points about vaccines

Vaccines for a specific disease may be offered in various forms, including some that are combined with adjuvants to enhance their efficacy. It is advisable to carry your Husky pup's previous shot record when visiting the veterinarian for their initial appointment, as vaccination is necessary. It is worth noting that there is ongoing debate regarding the optimal timing and frequency of vaccinations, and your veterinarian may suggest adjustments to the schedule or recommend an alternative vaccine.

Tip

Please consult with your veterinarian regarding the administration of a Bordetella (kennel cough) vaccination for your pet. This respiratory illness is highly contagious and many facilities such as kennels, dog parks, groomers, and obedience classes require proof of vaccination before allowing contact with other dogs. The vaccine can be administered nasally, subcutaneously, or orally, depending on your veterinarian's preference and your pup's age. Multiple doses may be required on certain schedules, but the vaccine is generally affordable. It is recommended to administer the vaccine every six months to a year. It may take a few weeks for your dog to develop immunity after the vaccination. For more information on kennel cough, please refer to the section later in this chapter.

Remember

It is mandatory for all dogs to receive vaccination against rabies. Typically, the initial rabies shot is administered at 16 weeks, followed by a booster shot after a year. The effectiveness of rabies shots lasts for three years, but some regions may mandate yearly vaccinations. We recommend consulting with your veterinarian to ascertain the laws governing rabies vaccinations in your locality.

Remember

It is common for mild fever or lethargy to occur for a day or two following a vaccination. While a small bump and hair loss may develop at the vaccination site, this reaction is unlikely with Siberians. Typically, these effects will resolve without further treatment. However, it is important to note that anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction to the foreign protein in the vaccine, can occur but is fortunately rare. This type of reaction is similar to that seen in people and dogs allergic to bee stings. To be cautious, we recommend waiting in the vet's office for ten minutes after your dog is vaccinated in case vomiting and collapse occur, which are indications of anaphylaxis. It is essential to follow your vet's recommendations about which vaccines are necessary in your area.

Focusing on the Different Viruses That Can Afflict Your Husky

As a responsible dog owner, it is important to be aware of the potential viral diseases that can affect your pet. Regardless of breed, no dog is immune or possesses any special resistance to these diseases. Viral illnesses such as rabies, distemper, parainfluenza, infectious hepatitis, parvovirus, and coronavirus can be particularly devastating. Viruses require living cells to multiply, making them a formidable foe for our furry friends.

While antiviral drugs can be effective in stopping the reproduction of viruses, their high cost currently limits their widespread use for canines. Additionally, many of these medications can be harmful to dogs. It is critical to ensure that your puppy is fully immunized against these diseases to prevent them from contracting these illnesses. Your veterinarian can provide you with detailed information about the various vaccines available for your Husky.

Canine parvovirus

Canine parvovirus (CPV), also known as parvo, is a highly contagious disease that was first reported worldwide in 1978. It is believed to have mutated from a parvovirus that previously affected only cats, and has since crossed the species barrier. CPV primarily affects the stomach and intestines of dogs, although a variant can target the heart muscles of very young puppies. The virus is transmitted through dog feces or direct contact with an infected dog, and can be carried on dog hair and human shoes. It is resistant to most disinfectants, except for concentrated bleach. Parvo causes a severe, bloody diarrhea (sometimes accompanied by bloody vomiting) that can lead to wasting away of the affected dog. The disease is most common in puppies between 6 weeks and 6 months of age, and puppies should be fully immunized against CPV between 16 and 18 weeks of age. It is important to note that humans are immune to CPV.

Remember

Parvovirus is a treatable medical condition, although it is not currently curable. When treated appropriately, the survival rate for individuals with this virus is approximately 70 percent.

Canine distemper

Canine distemper remains a significant threat to dogs worldwide, as it is highly contagious and transmitted through the air. It has been known to cause mortality rates of up to 50 percent in unvaccinated adult dogs, and up to 80 percent in puppies. This disease, also known as hardpad, attacks the nervous system and is characterized by symptoms such as a dry cough, fever, and yellowish discharge from the eyes. Even if a dog survives distemper, they may experience long-term effects. Fortunately, humans are not susceptible to this disease, although it is similar to measles in humans. It is recommended that puppies receive full immunization between 12 and 14 weeks of age to prevent the spread of this disease.

Infectious canine hepatitis

Canine hepatitis is a disease that affects the liver and shares similarities with distemper. It is transmitted through the urine of infected dogs and poses a significant threat as even after recovery, dogs can infect other animals for up to six months. It is important to note that humans are immune to this disease. To prevent infection, puppies should receive immunization at 12 weeks.

Rabies

Rabies is a serious disease that affects the central nervous system and can be fatal to both dogs and humans. The disease is typically transmitted through bites and has a high transmission rate of approximately 75 percent. In the event that a dog contracts the disease, it is fatal. To prevent the disease, puppies should be immunized between 16 and 24 weeks of age. Most states require that dogs receive revaccination every three years, although the vaccine's protection likely lasts longer than that.

Kennel cough

Kennel cough is a respiratory disorder that can be commonly found in areas where dogs share living spaces, such as kennels, shelters, boarding facilities, and veterinary hospitals. It is a complex of symptoms rather than a specific disease and can be caused by a variety of agents, including viruses and bacteria. While kennel cough is similar to a bad cold in adult dogs, puppies can be more severely affected. Immunization against the most common agent, Bordetella bronchiseptica, is available and recommended for puppies at 16 weeks.

Canine coronavirus

The term coronavirus can elicit a sense of apprehension in many individuals. It is important to note that the strain of coronavirus that commonly affects dogs is not Covid-19, the novel coronavirus responsible for the current pandemic. This particular strain, which is akin to the human cold, was initially identified in 1971. It is transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food that has been exposed to the feces of an infected dog. The disease is highly contagious and can result in symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and lethargy, with puppies being the most vulnerable. Although a vaccine is available, some veterinarians caution against its use, citing potential risks that outweigh the benefits. However, a new modified live vaccine with rapid antibody development, cell-mediated immunity, mucosal immunity, and minimal risk of allergic or adjuvant reactions has been developed.

HUSKIES AND COVID-19

It has been reported that dogs, including Huskies, have the potential to contract Covid-19, as can other pets such as cats and ferrets, although occurrences are rare. The virus has the ability to infect cells through interaction with the ACE2 cell surface protein. While most cases of canine infection have been traced back to human transmission, it is possible for the virus to spread both ways. Current research suggests that cats are more susceptible to contracting the virus from their owners than dogs, however, this is an area of ongoing study and much is still unknown.

During these unprecedented times, it is recommended to take precautionary measures and avoid contact between your dog and unfamiliar dogs. Regular handwashing after handling your pet is also advised. It is important to note that while it is essential to wear a mask in public, it is not recommended to put a mask on your dog as it can cause unnecessary stress. Practicing social distancing is the most effective way to keep your pet and others safe.

Avoiding Heartworm

Heartworm disease is a serious parasitic infection that affects dogs. It is caused by the transmission of worm larvae (Dirofilaria immitis) through mosquito bites, which can then infect the dog's heart and lungs. If left untreated, heartworms can develop into heart failure, lung disease, and even sudden death. Therefore, it is crucial to prevent heartworm infestation in dogs.

There are various heartworm medications available, and some are combined with flea and tick treatments to provide a broad-spectrum approach. These medications are typically administered once a month and come in the form of chewable tablets or topical solutions. It is important to consult with your veterinarian to determine the best medication for your dog's needs.

While treatment for heartworm-infected dogs can be challenging and lengthy, it is essential to note that heartworm disease is almost entirely preventable through regular, year-round medication. Additionally, other common parasites such as hookworms and whipworms can also be prevented with the same medication used to control heartworm.

Knowing How to Prevent Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection that can have serious consequences for dogs, affecting their liver, kidneys, central nervous system, and eyes. Recently, a new and virulent strain of the disease has emerged, previously seen in horses and cows. Dogs can contract the disease through direct contact with the urine of infected animals or through contaminated soil, water, or reproductive secretions. Leptospirosis is most commonly found in warm, marshy areas, and dogs drinking water or coming into contact with urine in these areas are at the highest risk of infection. While not all dogs who encounter the disease will become sick, they can become carriers and spread the virus to other animals. In severe cases, leptospirosis can lead to kidney failure and can even be fatal. The disease can also be transmitted to humans, particularly children. Treatment involves fluid therapy, antibiotics, and dialysis in cases of kidney failure. A vaccine is available for some forms of leptospirosis, but it is important to discuss with your veterinarian whether it is appropriate for your dog based on their location and lifestyle, as some dogs may have adverse reactions to the vaccine.

Being Aware of Canine Hip Dysplasia

Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is a medical condition characterized by the improper fitting of the femur's head into the pelvic socket, as illustrated in Figure 13-1. This abnormality can lead to joint malformation, rendering it nonfunctional in some cases. CHD can affect one or both hips, and its severity increases with early onset. Though painful, dogs, such as Huskies, may not show obvious signs of discomfort.

FIGURE 13-1: Canine hip dysplasia is a painful abnormality.

The etiology of CHD is believed to have a hereditary component. Geneticists classify it as a polygenic disorder, indicating that multiple genes are involved in its inheritance. Despite extensive research, the complete set of genes responsible for CHD remains unknown. Furthermore, not all dogs with a genetic predisposition to the condition will inevitably manifest it.

Remember

The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) is a nonprofit organization that operates in affiliation with the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Missouri. For a nominal fee, the OFA offers radiograph inspections of dogs aged 2 years or older that are intended for breeding purposes. Upon completion, the organization will provide a comprehensive report to the owner, which will be valid for the dog's entire lifespan. A favorable rating from the OFA is a crucial factor for reputable Siberian Husky breeders, who will not breed an animal without one. Prospective buyers are advised to request the OFA report for both parents before making a purchase decision.

Warning

Hip dysplasia is a progressive condition that can cause pain, inflammation, and eventually severe arthritis. It may not be noticeable at birth, and dogs with mild dysplasia are often overlooked or misdiagnosed. To confirm a diagnosis, it is crucial to have the dog X-rayed by a competent veterinarian and to obtain confirmation from a veterinary radiologist. It is important to note that detecting this condition can be challenging, and improper positioning during the X-ray can lead to a misdiagnosis. Rigorous exercise should be avoided as it can exacerbate the problem.

Warning

One of the primary considerations in the development of hip dysplasia is the rate of growth. The faster a puppy grows, the greater the likelihood of developing orthopedic issues, including hip dysplasia. During the peak growth period of 3-8 months, it is essential to closely monitor your young dog's diet. If your Husky appears to be growing at a faster rate than other dogs of the same age, it is imperative to exercise additional caution and adjust their caloric intake accordingly. It is recommended that you consult with your veterinarian to determine the best course of action.

It is recommended to consult your veterinarian regarding an OFA or Penn Hip style X-ray for your dog during their spaying or neutering procedure. It is important to note that while hip X-rays are not entirely accurate unless conducted after the age of 2 years, an earlier X-ray can still provide valuable information. This baseline reading can be used for comparison if your Husky develops hip problems in the future. Treatment for dysplasia may include diet therapy, enforced rest, exercise, stretching exercises, drug therapy, acupuncture, and surgery. In addition to genetic predisposition, breeders acknowledge that environmental factors, such as rapid weight gain, improper nutrition, too-rapid growth rate, and excessive calcium intake, may also contribute to the disease.

Being Aware of Degenerative Myelopathy (DM)

This chronic condition is a disease that impacts the white matter of the spinal cord, leading to a gradual and progressive weakness and paralysis of the hind limbs. The major risk factor is a genetic mutation referred to as SOD-1. Among the breeds most commonly affected, Siberian Huskies are prominent. It typically occurs in middle-aged and older dogs. The OFA offers the means to determine if your dog is at risk. Regrettably, no effective treatment is presently available.

Tackling Arthritis

Arthritis is a common ailment among dogs, similar to that in human beings. Dogs with arthritis may exhibit symptoms such as limping, difficulty in getting up or climbing stairs, and discomfort when touched. These symptoms are usually more pronounced in the morning due to stiffness in the joints caused by lack of movement at night. Arthritis in dogs can be classified into two basic types.

» Degenerative arthritis: Commonly known as osteoarthritis, is a condition in which the cartilage surrounding the joint deteriorates due to stress. This type of arthritis is often observed in active and sporty dogs, who are more susceptible to acquiring it from excessive jumping or tearing. The disease may take years to manifest itself. Hip dysplasia, a common form of degenerative arthritis, is caused by malformation of the hip socket. Older dogs, overweight dogs, and genetically predisposed dogs are at a higher risk of developing degenerative arthritis.

» Inflammatory arthritis: Inflammatory arthritis is a joint disease that can arise from an illness or infection, including tick-borne diseases such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Additionally, hereditary factors may also contribute to its development.

Eyeing Eye Problems

It is recommended that any serious eye issues in dogs be addressed by a qualified veterinary ophthalmologist, ideally one certified by the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists (ACVO). Additionally, the Siberian Husky Club of America has urged its local member clubs to organize annual eye clinics at a reasonable cost, which are painless for the dogs. It is important to only use dogs who are free from genetic eye defects for breeding purposes. The Siberian Husky Ophthalmologic Registry (SHOR) is available to screen Siberians and will issue a certificate (valid for one year) to any dog over the age of 1 who has been found to be free of eye defects by an ACVO diplomate. Any reputable breeder should be able to provide proof that the sire and dam of the litter in question have been registered by SHOR.

Recognizing common eye problems

Siberian Huskies are susceptible to three genetically passed eye defects:

» Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA)

» Bilateral cataracts (and other corneal disorders such as crystalline corneal opacities)

» Glaucoma

These ocular disorders have the potential to affect animals of any gender or eye color, and may result in partial or complete blindness. The subsequent sections will delve into three specific eye defects, as well as other frequently occurring eye conditions that your Husky may encounter.

Progressive retinal atrophy

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is a condition in which the retina, responsible for forming the light image, gradually loses its night and day vision capabilities. The disease develops when the light-sensitive cells in the retina do not receive sufficient blood supply, resulting in their deterioration. Both eyes are always affected, but the progression of the disease is slow and can be detected through ophthalmoscopic examination. PRA is caused by a recessive gene, and it is recommended that parents undergo screening. Unfortunately, there is currently no cure or treatment available for the disease.

Another related condition is central progressive retinal atrophy (CPRA), where dogs have better night vision than day vision. While they may bump into stationary objects, they can usually see moving objects with varying degrees of clarity.

Cataracts

Cataracts are a significant cause of vision loss, commonly observed in elderly canines. This condition can arise due to factors such as diabetes, inadequate nutrition, inflammation, or injury. Cataracts lead to cloudiness or opacity of the eye lens and are categorized based on the dog's age at onset, physical characteristics, developmental stage, and underlying cause. While cataracts typically start as small dots, they can progress to a hazy, pearly, streaky, or completely white lens. It is important to note that not all cataracts will inevitably result in blindness.

Warning

Based on certain estimates, the prevalence of cataracts among Huskies could be as high as 18 percent. The occurrence of bilateral, developmental, or juvenile cataracts in young dogs is a distinct trait. Genetic inheritance is the main cause of this condition. Unfortunately, only five dog breeds are susceptible to this condition, and the Siberian Husky is one of them.

Canine cataracts in Huskies are a hereditary condition that manifests as a cloudiness in the lens and progresses slowly, typically affecting one eye before the other. The condition is caused by an autosomal recessive trait that becomes apparent between 4 and 18 months of age, though some cases may not present until the dog is between 4 and 6 years old. This is particularly concerning as most dogs are bred before this age. Severe cases of juvenile cataracts can lead to blindness, and in some instances, significant discomfort may also occur.

Technical stuff

Currently, there are no preventive or inhibitory measures for the progression of cataracts. The sole treatment option available is surgical intervention to remove the affected lens. A widely used surgical technique is phacoemulsification, which employs ultrasound waves to fragment and eliminate the damaged lens.

The AKC Canine Health Foundation, a reputable nonprofit organization, is currently providing funding for research aimed at identifying the DNA marker responsible for juvenile cataracts in purebred dogs, with a particular focus on Siberian Huskies, Alaskan Malamutes, and Samoyeds.

Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a medical condition characterized by an increase in the internal pressure of the eye's aqueous fluid, which can lead to damage of the retina or optic nerve. While primary glaucoma is often genetic in nature, secondary glaucoma can be acquired through trauma or infection. It is worth noting that glaucoma has been found to be prevalent in certain lines of Siberian dogs, particularly in some racing lines.

Remember

While blue eyes may be considered a fault in some breeds, there is no indication that blue eyes in Siberians are associated with a higher prevalence of cataracts or other ocular issues.

Glaucoma in its early stages can present with subtle symptoms such as pupil dilation and a slightly enlarged eye, which may easily be overlooked. As the condition progresses, the eye becomes red, swollen, and painful with a possible green or yellow discharge. It is a critical situation that requires immediate and aggressive medical attention from a qualified veterinarian. Treatment options may include laser surgery to reduce pressure within the eye by limiting fluid production, drug therapy, and cyclocryothermy, a freezing procedure. To diagnose glaucoma, a tonometer is used to measure the cornea's indentation when pressure is applied to the eye's surface. While early intervention may increase the success of treatment, the prognosis remains poor, and most dogs with this condition will eventually lose their sight.

Nuclear or lenticular sclerosis

Nuclear or lenticular sclerosis is a frequently occurring condition in older dogs, typically manifesting at around 8 or 9 years of age. A greenish or bluish haze may appear on the eye due to the hardening of the lens. This natural aging process can impair your dog's close-up vision, but it is not a severe disability. It is important to distinguish this condition from cataracts, where the haze is white. Despite its unusual appearance and intimidating name, nuclear sclerosis does not cause blindness and is not a serious condition. Unfortunately, no specific treatment is currently available.

Crystalline corneal opacities

Crystalline corneal opacities (CCO) is a condition that affects the cornea of the eye - the outer, transparent portion of the eye's outer coat. The lens, located farther inside the eye, focuses light rays to form an image on the retina, which is the lightsensitive inner layer of the eye. CCO causes the cornea to appear hazy or as if crystal needles have invaded the eye. While both eyes can be affected, the extent of the condition may vary. Currently, research is being conducted on this issue using the Siberian as a test model.

Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis, commonly referred to as pink eye, is a condition characterized by inflammation of the membrane lining the eyelid. The sclera or white part of the eye may appear red due to this inflammation. The condition can be caused by various factors, including infection, inadequate lubrication, injury, or as a secondary symptom of another disease.

Canine uveodermatologic syndrome

This autoimmune condition is characterized by the dog's immune system attacking its own pigment cells, which can lead to skin, hair, and eye complications. While Siberian Huskies are among the breeds most commonly affected, this disease is rare. Symptoms may include whitening of the fur and red or cloudy eyes, and typically appear between 6 months and 6 years of age. Treatment typically involves the administration of prednisone to suppress the immune system, as well as corticosteroid eye drops. However, if the disease is not diagnosed and treated early enough, it may result in blindness for your dog.

KNOWING WHAT TO DO IF YOUR HUSKY GOES BLIND

While blindness can be a difficult challenge for dogs, it does not necessarily have to be a tragedy. Unlike humans, dogs have other senses such as keen hearing and a sensitive nose to help guide them through life. It is important to remember that dogs do not have the same interests as humans, and therefore may not be as affected by the loss of sight. The main issue for a blind dog is often their owner's perception of the situation. If the owner believes that their dog's life is ruined, this can cause the dog to become anxious and unsettled. It is important for owners to remain calm and supportive, as this can greatly ease the transition for their furry friend.

Testing your Husky’s vision

Determining if your canine is experiencing vision loss can be a challenging task. The onset of blindness typically occurs gradually, and your dog's adeptness at utilizing their other senses to navigate their surroundings may mask the issue until it becomes severe. To prevent this from happening, there are a few secure and straightforward tests you can conduct at home to assess your dog's eyesight. However, it's important to note that these assessments do not replace routine veterinary examinations but rather serve as a helpful tool in between appointments.

» Wave your hand or another object quickly before your dog’s eyes. He should blink. » Move an object slowly in front of your dog’s eyes. He should follow the object visually.

» Shine a flashlight in one eye. Both eyes should blink in response. The pupils of both eyes should contract.

» Pick up your Siberian (if you can) and carry him to a table. If he sees it, he’ll stretch out his forelegs in an attempt to reach it.

» Throw a ball. He should see where it goes.

» Design an obstacle course between you and your dog. See if he can negotiate his way through it.

Identifying Cushing’s Disease

Cushing's disease is a commonly occurring endocrine system malfunction in dogs, characterized by excessive production of cortisol hormone. It is typically observed in middle-aged or older dogs, and the signs may vary, including pot-bellied abdomen, hair loss, low energy, thin or darkened skin, muscle weakness, and scaly patches on the elbows. In about 85% of cases, the disease is caused by a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland, while the remaining 15% are caused by adrenal gland tumors or long-term administration of cortisone medication. Surgical removal of adrenal tumors may be possible, but pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease typically requires medication, such as trilostane (Vetoryl). It is important to note that this medication is expensive, has serious side effects, and must be administered for the pet's lifetime.

Concentrating on Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a frequently observed genetic condition in Siberian Huskies, commonly appearing when the dog reaches 2 to 4 years of age or older. Epilepsy is characterized by unregulated electrical activity in the brain, leading to seizures that can endure from a few seconds to over half an hour. The dog may experience stiffness, jerking movements, rolling back of the eyes, blinking, or pacing. Management of the condition involves the administration of anticonvulsant drugs such as phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, and diazepam.

Remember

With proper management, an epileptic dog can lead a fulfilling life. It is important for family members to overcome their apprehension towards the seizures, as this condition can be effectively controlled.

Attending to Diabetes

Dogs, like human beings, are susceptible to diabetes. This condition is caused by a deficiency of insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas. There are two types of diabetes: type I (insulin dependent) and type II (non-insulin dependent). The former is more common in older dogs, while the latter is associated with obesity.

Insulin is crucial for the absorption of blood sugar. If insufficient insulin is produced, the sugar remains in the bloodstream and eventually passes into the urine. Overweight animals, older dogs (between 7 and 9 years), and females are at the greatest risk. In fact, females are twice as likely to develop diabetes as males. A blood test can be performed by your veterinarian to check for diabetes.

Experts believe that type II diabetes can be prevented by maintaining a healthy weight for your Husky. Furthermore, some research has suggested that adding chromium to a canine diet may help prevent the onset of the disease. Brewer's yeast is a good source of chromium.

Warning

Danger signs include increased hunger, thirst, and urination.

The recommended medical treatment for diabetes typically involves implementing dietary adjustments and administering insulin, typically via injection one to two times per day. For dog owners with diabetic pets, it is also crucial to understand how to effectively monitor their dog's blood glucose level. Consistent exercise and a specialized diet are also essential components of managing diabetes in dogs. Fortunately, various dog food manufacturers offer specialized commercial feeds tailored to meet the nutritional needs of diabetic dogs

While the necessity of fiber in a healthy dog's diet remains uncertain, incorporating fiber supplements into your diabetic dog's meals can aid in managing their condition. By feeding your Husky high-fiber foods, the amount of insulin they require can be reduced. In addition, studies have shown that high-fiber foods can assist in weight reduction, which is often a concern for those with diabetes.

Remember

Canine patients diagnosed with diabetes require a specialized diet that comprises of approximately 40 percent complex carbohydrates, 20 percent fat, and the remaining portion from high-quality protein.

Watching Out for Fleas and Ticks

It is not uncommon for individuals to develop strong emotional bonds with their canine companions. However, it is important to note that dogs themselves can also become attached to certain unwanted pests, which can cause discomfort, illness, and unease. Fortunately, with the appropriate knowledge and resources, it is possible to eliminate these nuisances and ensure the well-being of both your dog and your household. In the following sections, we will explore the topics of fleas and ticks, two types of pests that commonly afflict dogs.

Fighting fleas

Flea season for canines typically spans from April through November, with the highest activity occurring between June and September. Fleas tend to thrive in wet summers, and require temperatures of 70 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit and humidity levels of around 70 percent to lay their eggs. While cedar chips and pine needles can serve as natural flea repellents, some pet owners may not prefer to use them on flooring. Frequent vacuuming can also be helpful in managing flea infestations. Once fleas latch onto a dog, they feed on their blood and lay their eggs, which can easily fall onto carpets, sofas, or grass.

Warning

In certain instances, fleas can transmit serious diseases such as typhus and bubonic plague, as well as tularemia, and have been linked to the spread of Lyme disease. Additionally, fleas serve as intermediate hosts for tapeworm. They are highly voracious feeders, and severe infestations can lead to significant blood loss in dogs. In fact, flea infestations have been known to result in the death of puppies.

If your Husky is experiencing discomfort from fleas, it is important to take action. One common sign of flea infestation is excessive scratching, as flea bites can cause itching that lasts up to a week. To determine if your dog has fleas, it is recommended to use a fine-tooth flea comb and check areas that are difficult for the dog to reach, such as the head and neck. Fleas tend to stay close to the skin and can often be identified by the presence of black and white specks in their fur, which are actually flea feces composed of partially digested blood. A simple water test can confirm the presence of flea feces, and it is important to note that many dogs are allergic to flea bites, which can lead to hot spots on their skin. If you suspect that your dog has fleas, it is best to consult with a veterinarian for proper treatment.

Preventing fleas

Although fleas can be unpleasant, there are effective ways to treat them. It is important to address the issue in both your home and on your pet simultaneously in order to prevent reinfestation. To ensure complete eradication of fleas, please consider the following recommendations:

» Keep your dog on flea medication. For a minor flea infestation within your home, there are numerous products available that can be used. Some of these products not only prevent fleas but also mosquitos, ticks, and lice. Oral tablets and topical creams are both options, although it should be noted that topical creams may not be as effective for heavily coated breeds such as Huskies.

If fleas have already taken over your home, it is recommended to have your entire house professionally cleaned by a specialist. Once the fleas have been eradicated, it is important to vacuum frequently, particularly if you have carpeting where fleas tend to hide and lay their eggs. It may be best to remove the carpeting entirely.

» Go natural. If you prefer to avoid chemical treatments for your pet's flea problem, there are several natural solutions you can try. While manually grooming your dog with a flea comb or using cedar chip bedding may not provide the desired results, diatomaceous earth is a natural alternative that can effectively eliminate fleas from dark crevices. Additionally, some pet owners have had success with natural flea inhibitors such as brewer's yeast and garlic, which are believed to make a pet's blood unappetizing to fleas. For outdoor flea control, nematodes can be purchased at a garden center and are a safe and organic solution for ridding your yard of flea larvae.

» Try insect repellents. The most efficient flea repellents contain DEET (benzyl benzoate, diethyltoluamide). While safety concerns have been raised about these products, they are undoubtedly effective in repelling fleas. Additionally, natural flea repellents such as pennyroyal, rosemary, wormwood, eucalyptus, and citronella may also be effective.

Tip

» Vacuum frequently with a flea powder/carpet freshener combination. To effectively eliminate fleas, it is recommended to utilize mothballs within the vacuum bag. Thoroughly cover all areas where fleas commonly conceal, including small cracks and crevices. Additionally, it is advisable to wash your dog's bedding on the same day as vacuuming and to also vacuum any drapes in the area.

When selecting a medication for your pet, it is essential to prioritize safety and effectiveness. While certain products may be deemed safe, they may not fully eradicate fleas, while others may have adverse effects on certain dogs. This is especially true for puppies, who may not tolerate certain medications. It is recommended to consult with your veterinarian to determine the best course of action. It is important to note that electronic devices, such as ultrasonic flea collars, are not recommended as they are often ineffective and a waste of money.

Tackling ticks

During tick season, which typically occurs from early spring to mid-summer, it is recommended to conduct daily tick checks on your canine companion, particularly if they have been in wooded or grassy areas. The most common areas for ticks to attach are the ears, toes, neck, and head. It is important to note that ticks are slow feeders and disease transmission typically begins after 24 hours of attachment.

Technical stuff

There are numerous tick species that exist, however, it is important for dog owners to remain vigilant for a select few. These include the Brown Dog Tick, the American Dog Tick, the Northern Deer Tick, the Rocky Mountain Tick, the Black-Legged Tick, and the Lone Star Tick. This list provides a solid foundation for dog owners to begin their tick-prevention efforts.

Remember

Ticks are known to become active at any point in time when the temperature rises above 40 degrees, regardless of the month. It is recommended to maintain a short grass length in your yard as a preventive measure to reduce the number of ticks present.

Taking action when you see a tick

When you discover a tick on your dog, it is important to remove it promptly and with caution. Use tweezers and wear gloves to protect your hands. In addition, lint rollers can be helpful in removing unattached ticks. It is crucial to avoid touching a tick with your bare hands, as the Lyme disease spirochete can penetrate your skin. Be sure to grasp the tick as close to its head as possible and pull it out gently. The sooner you remove the tick, the lower the risk of disease transmission. When removing the tick, it is important to avoid squeezing the body as this may release the tick's contents, including disease-carrying material. Do not worry about losing the tick's head in your dog's skin, as this is unlikely to occur. Once removed, dispose of the tick by flushing it down the toilet and thoroughly wash the affected area and your hands. While the area where the tick was attached may appear unsightly, it is unlikely to be infected, although it may scab or swell for a short period.

Warning

It is not recommended to use lighters, gasoline, or matches to remove ticks due to safety concerns. Similarly, smothering the tick with petroleum jelly or nail polish is not advised as it can take a considerable amount of time to kill the tick, increasing the risk of disease transmission. It is important to promptly and safely remove ticks to minimize the risk of disease transmission.

Watching for two tick diseases: Lyme and Ehrlichia

Lyme disease and Ehrlichia are bacterial infections that are transmitted through various species of ticks. Symptoms of these diseases may include fever, fatigue, and enlarged lymph nodes. Interestingly, many dogs may not display any signs of the diseases, with as many as 90 percent remaining asymptomatic.

The primary culprits for Lyme disease are the Deer and Black-Legged Ticks, while the Lone Star Tick and the Brown Dog Tick are the primary vectors for Ehrlichia. A recent study has found that dogs previously exposed to Lyme disease are at a 43 percent higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease, with Borrelia burgdorferi being the causative agent. Even more concerning is Ehrlichia canis, which increases the likelihood of kidney damage by 300 percent. Specifically, the disease causes inflammation and dysfunction of the kidney's glomeruli, which filter the blood.

Remember

It is recommended that dogs residing in areas with high tick populations receive a vaccination for Lyme disease. It should be noted that there is no available vaccine for Ehrlichia. However, due to potential reactions, it may not be necessary to administer the vaccine unless your dog frequently spends time in wooded areas. We advise speaking with your veterinarian to determine the most effective prevention plan for your dog.

The preferred medication for treating Lyme disease and Ehrlichia is typically doxycycline, although alternative antibiotics may also be effective. Patients may expect to observe improvement within a span of three to five days.

Getting the Lowdown on Hypothyroidism

The thyroid gland comprises two lobes situated in the neck of your dog. Its primary function is to produce hormones that regulate your Siberian's metabolism. Hypothyroidism, which is an underactive thyroid, occurs when the thyroid fails to function at an optimal level. This condition is prevalent in older dogs and is a serious, inheritable disorder that is increasingly common in dogs. It affects more females than males and typically manifests in dogs above two years of age. Hypothyroidism is reportedly reaching epidemic proportions among medium to large breeds, including the Siberian Husky.

Hypothyroidism presents numerous symptoms that develop gradually, including lethargy, lack of coordination, increased weight, intolerance to cold or exercise, seizures, aggression, compulsive- or anxiety-related disorders, diarrhea or constipation, loss of hair, a rat tail (a tail without hair), skin problems, and eye problems. Fortunately, a simple blood test can detect an underactive thyroid, and treatment involves administering an inexpensive hormone supplement (Soloxine or Synthroid) in pill form twice daily for the dog's lifetime. Improvement should be evident within a few weeks of treatment.

Technical stuff

There is currently a debate surrounding the appropriate course of action for dogs with low thyroid readings that have not yet reached abnormal levels. One of the challenges in determining the best approach is the lack of consensus among veterinarians regarding the ideal level of thyroid activity for each breed. It is also important to note that the normal level of thyroid activity can vary throughout a dog's life. It is recommended that pet owners carefully discuss this issue with their veterinarian, as the target organ of the disease may not always be immediately apparent. In some cases, the liver can be affected. Undiagnosed hypothyroidism has unfortunately resulted in the loss of many dogs. If you have concerns about your Husky's test results, your veterinarian may suggest the use of a hormone supplement.

The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) is pleased to offer a new registry aimed at identifying dogs with normal thyroid function. To be eligible for the test, a dog must be at least one year old and should be retested annually. Hypothyroidism typically occurs between the ages of two and five. Proper screening of parent dogs requires passing three tests: the Free T4 by dialysis test (FT4D), the Canine Thyroid Stimulating Hormone test (cTSH), and the Thyroglobulin Autoantibodies test (TgAA). Dogs that pass these tests can receive an OFA certification number.

The OFA program is a valuable addition to breeding programs, and it has the potential to significantly reduce the number of dogs born with a predisposition to hypothyroidism. If you are considering purchasing a Siberian puppy, we recommend that you inquire whether the breeder has submitted the parents of the litter for a thyroid test.

Keeping an Eye Out for Cancer

Cancer is a prevalent health concern among dogs, particularly in older canines. Skin cancer is the most frequently occurring type, with numerous variations. Although most skin tumors found in dogs are benign, early detection is crucial for malignant ones. Pet owners often identify cancerous growths themselves, so it is advisable to look for any unusual lumps during your grooming routine. Hard lumps attached to bone or muscle and fast-growing lumps are particularly concerning. Other common types of cancer include oral tumors, testicular tumors, bone tumors (osteosarcomas), lymphoma, and brain tumors. Treatment options vary and may include surgery, diet therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation. However, it is important to note that treatment outcomes are not always successful.

Dealing with Zinc Malabsorption Disorder

Zinc malabsorption disorder is a genetic condition that is shared among Huskies, Samoyeds, and Alaskan Malamutes. This disease results in improper zinc absorption in the intestine, causing noninflammatory lesions on the skin and hair loss in affected dogs. Zinc supplementation is necessary, and it is important to follow the dosage recommended by your veterinarian. Over-the-counter medications for humans are not appropriate for treating this condition. Your veterinarian will perform a skin biopsy to make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe a veterinary formulation of zinc methionine.

Nasal dermatitis is a common skin problem for Huskies and may be linked to zinc deficiency. Symptoms of this condition include pigment loss, hair loss on the nose, redness, and nasal lesions. However, it is important to note that other conditions such as cancer or infection may also be responsible. We recommend consulting with your veterinarian to determine the underlying cause. It is worth noting that nasal dermatitis is not the same as Husky snow nose, which is a common phenomenon in Huskies and is not associated with any disease.

Achoo! Controlling Your Husky’s Allergies

Dogs, like humans, can exhibit allergic reactions to a variety of substances, including fleas, foods, and inhalants. It is not uncommon for a dog to have allergies to seemingly innocuous items, such as grass, trees, or even other household pets. Unlike humans, dogs typically display their allergies through skin disorders, such as redness, itchiness, and rawness around specific areas of the body. In severe cases, allergic dogs may develop oozing sores that can attract maggots. It is worth noting that most allergies, particularly food allergies, tend to manifest when the dog is around 2 years old. The following sections will provide an overview of potential treatments and explore the various types of allergies that your Husky may experience.

Treating allergies

Allergies unfortunately can’t be cured; they can only be controlled. Here are some treatments you and your vet can consider:

» A bath: To provide temporary relief for your dog's allergies, it is recommended to bathe them regularly with a gentle shampoo. It is advisable to avoid using tap water as it may contain chemicals that can further irritate your dog's skin. After bathing, rinse your dog thoroughly with cool water and consider adding a soothing ingredient such as witch hazel or peppermint tea. To prevent your dog from licking the sore spot, it is recommended to apply an herbal deterrent, antibiotic, or cortisone spray.

» Corticosteroids: Antipruritic medications have been known to alleviate itching, however, they may cause various adverse reactions. Typically, a veterinarian may recommend administering high doses of the medication for a limited period, gradually decreasing the dosage as time progresses.

» Immunotherapy: This treatment method involves a series of injections to identify allergens and subsequently desensitize the dog to them. However, it is a gradual process and can be costly. Additionally, there is no guarantee of success.

Remember

The most effective approach to managing allergies in dogs is to eliminate the source of the allergy. However, this may not always be feasible. While fleas can be eradicated, managing allergies to grass, mold, or pollen can be quite challenging.

Due to the potential inheritance of allergies, it is advised that allergic dogs not be used for breeding purposes. It is recommended to verify that the parents of your puppy do not have any allergies prior to acquisition.

Food allergies

Canine food allergies account for approximately 5 to 10 percent of all allergies in dogs. These allergies typically present as itchy skin, but have also been linked to inflammatory bowel disease in canines. In addition, head-shaking is another potential symptom of food allergies.

It is important to note that just because a dog has been on a particular diet for an extended period of time does not mean that they cannot suddenly develop an allergy to one of the ingredients. If you suspect your dog may have a food allergy, it is recommended to eliminate the suspect foods from their diet for up to 16 weeks and substitute with a type of meat that they have not previously consumed.

Food allergies can be challenging to identify, and lamb, which was previously used as a meat for elimination diets, is no longer a reliable option due to its common use in dog food. Instead, rabbit or venison are now commonly used. If you have a puppy, it is advisable to avoid feeding them any products containing lamb, as this will allow for lamb to be used as a high-protein elimination diet in the future, should the need arise.

It is important to note that many of the fillers found in commercial dog food can also be allergens. Therefore, it is crucial to find an elimination diet that does not contain any of the common foods your dog has been consuming, including treats such as dog biscuits and rawhide bones. It is also recommended to eliminate other potential sources of allergies before assuming a food allergy.

While there is no cure for food allergies in dogs, it is possible to manage them by avoiding the suspect foods. If you suspect your dog may have a food allergy, it is always best to consult with your veterinarian.

Inhalant allergies

Dogs who are allergic to inhalants often react to the same culprits that affect human beings, such as dust, mold, and pollen. Symptoms of an allergic reaction in a Husky may include scratching, chewing, and licking, as well as the development of an ear infection and greasy skin with an uncharacteristically strong odor. These allergies can be identified through a process similar to that used in humans, involving the injection of a small amount of the suspected allergen into a shaved patch on the dog.

Flea allergies

It is important to note that fleas do not directly cause allergies in dogs. Rather, it is the proteins found in flea saliva that trigger allergic reactions. Common symptoms of flea infestations in dogs include excessive scratching. To address this issue, it is recommended to prioritize prevention by using a reliable flea-repellent product to keep fleas at bay.

Biting into Dental Problems

A dog's oral cavity is home to a diverse array of microbial lifeforms, encompassing over 450 bacterial species. Many of these microorganisms can contribute to dental ailments, which are prevalent among older dogs. If left untreated, poor dental hygiene can result in abscesses, septicemia, and even severe cardiac complications. To mitigate these risks, it is advisable to maintain a regular brushing regimen (refer to Chapter Grooming Your Siberian) and schedule periodic dental assessments for your dog.

Technical stuff

Veterinarians commonly employ broad-spectrum antibiotics and professional dental cleaning techniques to address periodontal issues. In cases where a tooth is diseased, enamel matrix application can be utilized to regenerate gum and jaw attachments, ultimately preserving the tooth.

Addressing Bloat

Bloat is a medical condition that is most commonly observed in larger breeds with deep chests, however, it can also affect Huskies. This condition has the potential to be fatal, causing death within two hours. While its cause is still unknown, there are certain factors that can increase the likelihood of its occurrence, such as rapid food consumption, excessive water intake, and exercising immediately after eating. Additionally, there appears to be a hereditary component to this condition.

Bloat occurs when the dog's stomach becomes distended with gas or fluid, which may lead to the twisting of the stomach and the trapping of gas. This not only affects the stomach, but also puts pressure on the large blood vessels of the abdomen, which can lead to organ failure. Dogs with bloat may show signs of vomiting, whining, groaning, pacing, and salivating, and their stomach may become visibly swollen and sound hollow when tapped.

The treatment for bloat is both costly and uncertain in terms of success. Surgery is often the only option, and it must be initiated as soon as possible if the stomach has already started to twist. In some cases, a procedure called gastropexy may be performed by the veterinarian, which involves attaching the stomach to the body cavity in an attempt to prevent twisting in the future.

Tip

A recommended approach to prevent bloat in dogs is to feed smaller meals at frequent intervals and scatter the food over a larger area to encourage slower eating. It is also advised to avoid exercising your Husky immediately before or after mealtime.

Understanding Aging Issues in Your Husky

When does a Siberian reach retirement age? Well, if the human retirement age is 67.5 years, your 10-year-old Husky meets the criterion.

Remember

The rate at which dogs reach retirement age varies greatly. While it is commonly known that larger breeds such as Great Danes and Saint Bernards tend to age more rapidly than smaller breeds, there is still a significant amount of variation. For example, Shih Tzus tend to age more quickly than Old English Sheepdogs.

In the United States, it is noteworthy that 14 percent of all canine companions are 11 years old or older, which can be attributed to the availability of better veterinary care and the practice of keeping dogs in fenced yards. However, aging can pose certain challenges for dogs. As they grow older, it is common for them to experience medical issues such as eye problems, dental disease, hearing loss, Cushing’s disease, cancer, arthritis, obesity, and kidney and liver problems with increasing frequency.

Tip

It is recommended to schedule regular veterinary maintenance checkups for your mature Husky to monitor the development of any potential diseases. Once your Siberian reaches the age of 8 or 9, it is advisable to initiate geriatric screening.

Mature canines can greatly benefit from attentive care, such as providing them with a raised bed that facilitates their ease of movement when getting in and out of it.

Remember

Regular exercise is crucial for both young and senior dogs, albeit with a difference in intensity. While an aging dog may not be able to engage in strenuous activities like sled-pulling, they can still enjoy playing with their owners or fellow canines in a backyard setting.

According to recent research, it has been found that older dogs require approximately 50% more protein than young adult dogs, which may come as a surprise. This increased amount of dietary protein is necessary to compensate for the reduced ability to synthesize protein.

USING CBD OIL FOR YOUR HUSKY: YES OR NO?

Although CBD usage is becoming increasingly popular, there is currently no formal study on its effects on dogs. CBD, a chemical compound found in marijuana and hemp, interacts with the receptors of the central and peripheral nervous system. It is important to note that CBD does not contain THC, the psychoactive compound found in marijuana. Most CBD products are derived from hemp rather than marijuana. Anecdotal evidence suggests that CBD may be beneficial in reducing pain, controlling seizures, stimulating appetite, reducing nausea, and alleviating anxiety. Additionally, it may have anti-cancer properties. Currently, researchers at Colorado State University’s College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences are conducting a study on the veterinary use of CBD against seizures, which is supported by the AKC’s Canine Health Foundation.

Technical stuff

Canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) is a recognized disease that affects older dogs (10 years or older) and can cause confusion, withdrawal, sleeplessness, and regression in housetraining. Anipryl (L-deprenyl) is an approved drug for treating CDS, containing selegiline, the same medication used for Parkinson's disease in humans. Treatment with Anipryl is lifelong, but 69 percent of dogs with CDS show significant improvement. The medication is affordable, costing between $1.50 and $2 per day.